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In the aftermath of the Fukushima disaster, when much of the world was turning away from nuclear energy, Leigh Curyer made a contrarian bet on uranium. He founded NexGen Energy and began exploring the largely overlooked western Athabasca Basin in Saskatchewan. The result was Arrow, one of the world's most extraordinary high-grade uranium discoveries. Now, NexGen is attempting to turn that geological prize into a producing mine capable of supplying roughly 20% of global mined uranium and more than half of Western production. With an estimated annual output of 30 million pounds of uranium from a remarkably small underground mining operation, Arrow could fundamentally reshape the global uranium market. Decouple host Chris Keefer speaks with NexGen founder and CEO Leigh Curyer about the discovery of Arrow, the unusual geology that makes it so valuable, and the formidable challenge of bringing a new uranium mine into production. They examine construction risks, engineering and labour constraints, escalating capital costs, and the lessons of troubled megaprojects. Curyer also explains his unconventional approach to uranium contracting, his expectations for future uranium prices, and why he believes NexGen can succeed where established producers have struggled. With nuclear power expanding and concerns mounting over future uranium supplies, the stakes extend well beyond a single mining project. Listen to Decouple on: • Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6PNr3ml8nEQotWWavE9kQz • Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/decouple/id1516526694?uo=4 • Overcast: https://overcast.fm/itunes1516526694/decouple • Pocket Casts: https://pca.st/ehbfrn44 • RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/23775178/podcast/rss Website: https://www.decouple.media

South Korea emerged from the devastation of the Korean War as one of the world's poorest countries. Within a generation, it had become an industrial powerhouse, mastering nuclear technologies originally imported from the United States and Canada. Today, Korean firms are among the world's most capable nuclear constructors, having delivered four APR1400 reactors at the UAE's Barakah nuclear power plant. Now the tables may be turning. With Washington pursuing an ambitious nuclear revival, the United States is looking to South Korea for the manufacturing expertise, skilled workforce and construction capabilities needed to turn its nuclear ambitions into reality. Chris Keefer is joined by Eun Jung Lim, professor at Kongju National University and visiting scholar at Stanford's Asia-Pacific Research Center, to explore Korea's extraordinary nuclear odyssey. They trace its origins in the developmental state of Park Chung-hee, the unlikely collaboration with North Korea through KEDO, and the industrial achievements that made Barakah possible. They also examine the controversial intellectual property dispute and global settlement between Westinghouse and KEPCO, the proposed $120 billion Korean investment in American nuclear projects, and whether demographic decline threatens Korea's hard-won industrial advantage. Can the former apprentice help rebuild the nuclear industry of its American teacher? Listen to Decouple on: • Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6PNr3ml8nEQotWWavE9kQz • Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/decouple/id1516526694?uo=4 • Overcast: https://overcast.fm/itunes1516526694/decouple • Pocket Casts: https://pca.st/ehbfrn44 • RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/23775178/podcast/rss Website: https://www.decouple.media

By 1927, the United States had more than 22 million motor vehicles on its roads, compared with just 18,000 in the Soviet Union. This staggering disparity reflected one of the greatest productivity revolutions in human history: the mass production of machines capable of multiplying human labour hundreds or even thousands of times over. I'm joined by Dartmouth historian Stefan Link, author of Forging Global Fordism, to explore how Henry Ford and his engineers transformed automobile manufacturing from a skilled craft into an industrial system capable of producing millions of affordable vehicles. We examine the technological foundations of the assembly line, the transformation of unskilled labour into an extraordinarily productive industrial workforce, and the distinctive Midwestern culture that gave birth to this revolution. But Fordism was more than a manufacturing technique. Ford championed a radical producerist philosophy that elevated industrial production above shareholder returns, attracting admirers across the political spectrum, from social democrats to Nazis and Soviet communists. Remarkably, Ford opened his factories to Soviet engineers and helped transfer America's extraordinary industrial capabilities to its future geopolitical rivals. We trace how this technology transfer transformed Soviet and German industry, shaped the outcome of the Second World War, and offers lessons for understanding China's industrial rise, Western deindustrialization, and the struggle to rebuild productive capacity in an age of financialized capitalism. Listen to Decouple on: • Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6PNr3ml8nEQotWWavE9kQz • Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/decouple/id1516526694?uo=4 • Overcast: https://overcast.fm/itunes1516526694/decouple • Pocket Casts: https://pca.st/ehbfrn44 • RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/23775178/podcast/rss Website: https://www.decouple.media

How did a tiny, impoverished country whose principal exports included Jaffa oranges become the world's sixth nuclear power? Nuclear historian Avner Cohen, author of Israel and the Bomb and The Worst-Kept Secret, joins Decouple to tell the extraordinary story of Israel's clandestine nuclear weapons program. From David Ben-Gurion's determination to prevent another Holocaust to Shimon Peres's secret dealings with France during the Suez Crisis, we explore how Israel acquired the technology, financed the construction of Dimona, bypassed its own democratic institutions, and deceived American inspectors determined to establish whether its nuclear ambitions were peaceful. We examine Israel's improvised nuclear preparations during the Six-Day War, the alleged nuclear alert of 1973, the mysterious 1979 Vela incident in the South Atlantic, and the secret understanding between Nixon and Golda Meir that institutionalized Israel's policy of nuclear opacity. Cohen explains how Israel has maintained an arsenal that everyone knows exists but nobody officially acknowledges, and how this extraordinary arrangement has shaped Middle Eastern geopolitics for more than half a century. Finally, we turn to Iran, Israel's determination to preserve its regional nuclear monopoly, and the terrifying strategic vulnerability captured in former Iranian president Rafsanjani's description of Israel as a "one-bomb state." Listen to Decouple on: • Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6PNr3ml8nEQotWWavE9kQz • Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/decouple/id1516526694?uo=4 • Overcast: https://overcast.fm/itunes1516526694/decouple • Pocket Casts: https://pca.st/ehbfrn44 • RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/23775178/podcast/rss Website: https://www.decouple.media

The Canada-US trade war is escalating, threatening to unravel decades of economic integration between two of the world's closest allies. Chris Keefer is joined by returning guest Jesse Hoops to examine how we got here, what Washington hopes to achieve, and how Canada can respond to an increasingly unpredictable neighbour. From tariffs on aluminum and autos to the potential collapse of Canadian manufacturing, they explore the consequences of economic warfare between countries whose industries and supply chains have become deeply intertwined. Can Canada defend its economic sovereignty without inflicting even greater damage on itself, and what might ultimately force an end to the conflict? The conversation explores Canada's critical vulnerabilities, including the Gordie Howe Bridge, Line 5, American-controlled financial infrastructure and the F-35 fighter program. Chris and Jesse examine whether Canada needs to sacrifice some economic efficiency to secure greater strategic autonomy, including through new pipelines, domestic industrial capacity and a more independent nuclear supply chain. With billions of dollars in new nuclear construction on the horizon, what does the trade war mean for Canada's choice between CANDU and the American-designed AP1000? And if the current rupture in Canada-US relations becomes a recurring feature of American politics, how much should Canada be prepared to spend to ensure it cannot be held hostage by its largest trading partner? Listen to Decouple on: • Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6PNr3ml8nEQotWWavE9kQz • Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/decouple/id1516526694?uo=4 • Overcast: https://overcast.fm/itunes1516526694/decouple • Pocket Casts: https://pca.st/ehbfrn44 • RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/23775178/podcast/rss Website: https://www.decouple.media

Canada is once again attempting to build nuclear megaprojects after a long pause, making the experience of people who have actually delivered recent large industrial projects increasingly valuable. Ian McGregor is a veteran Alberta engineer, entrepreneur and industrial project developer who helped conceive and build the $12 billion Northwest Sturgeon Refinery and the Alberta Carbon Trunk Line. In this episode we use that project to explore the realities of megaproject delivery: incomplete engineering, supply-chain delays, labour bottlenecks, cost escalation and the challenge of coordinating thousands of critical components across a vast industrial site. We also dive into the refinery’s near-disastrous gasifier burner failure, where a mission-critical component designed to last thousands of hours failed after just 40, forcing McGregor and a small team of engineers and tradespeople to redesign it themselves. From there the conversation broadens into the economics of nation-building infrastructure, why governments often have to play a role in projects with century-long paybacks, and what Canada’s nuclear revival can learn from one of the country’s most ambitious recent industrial megaprojects. Listen to Decouple on: • Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6PNr3ml8nEQotWWavE9kQz • Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/decouple/id1516526694?uo=4 • Overcast: https://overcast.fm/itunes1516526694/decouple • Pocket Casts: https://pca.st/ehbfrn44 • RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/23775178/podcast/rss Website: https://www.decouple.media

Fusion has spent nearly a century as the energy source of the future. In this episode, I’m joined by fusion scientist Gerrit Bruhaug to ask what has actually been achieved, what remains unsolved, and why progress has taken so much longer than the early pioneers expected. We start from first principles, how fusion differs from fission, why the Lawson criterion matters, and how magnetic and inertial confinement take radically different routes to the same goal. Gerrit provides an in-depth analysis of the National Ignition Facility’s breakthrough and why ignition is better understood as fusion’s Chicago Pile moment, rather than the near-term arrival of a commercial power plant. From there we get into the engineering realities behind the headlines: laser efficiency, plasma instabilities, neutron damage, divertor heat loads, tritium breeding and inventory, target manufacturing, parasitic loads, engineering breakeven and the enormous gap between making fusion happen and making cheap electricity. Gerrit also takes us through fusion’s surprisingly long history, from the optimism of the first private laser-fusion startup, KMS Fusion, to today’s new wave of heavily capitalized companies, and explains why the two constraints he watches most closely are tritium inventory and engineering gain. Listen to Decouple on: • Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6PNr3ml8nEQotWWavE9kQz • Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/decouple/id1516526694?uo=4 • Overcast: https://overcast.fm/itunes1516526694/decouple • Pocket Casts: https://pca.st/ehbfrn44 • RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/23775178/podcast/rss Website: https://www.decouple.media

Iran’s nuclear program is now more than seven decades old, stretching from the Shah’s ambitious Atoms for Peace-era plans to the Islamic Republic’s pursuit of enrichment, missile capability and nuclear latency. Iran historian Farzan Sabet joins Decouple to explain how energy development, techno-nationalism, the trauma of the Iran–Iraq War and a persistent sense of strategic isolation transformed a civilian nuclear project into an increasingly important national-security instrument. We trace the program through the Shah’s plans for 23,000MW of commercial nuclear power, the revolution, the AQ Khan network, the AMAD weapons effort, the JCPOA and the collapse of Iran’s traditional deterrence architecture. Farzan also examines the extraordinary price Iran has paid: sanctions-related economic damage measured in the hundreds of billions of dollars and, by one estimate, comparable to the economic cost of the Iran–Iraq War, yet with neither substantial nuclear power generation nor a nuclear deterrent to show for it. Listen to Decouple on: • Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/6PNr3ml8nEQotWWavE9kQz • Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/decouple/id1516526694?uo=4 • Overcast: https://overcast.fm/itunes1516526694/decouple • Pocket Casts: https://pca.st/ehbfrn44 • RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/23775178/podcast/rss Website: https://www.decouple.media